Civil Engineering SEMESTER IV
MA 2264 Numerical Methods
CE 2251 Soil Mechanics
CE 2252 Strength of Materials
CE 2253 Applied Hydraulic Engineering
CE 2254 Surveying – II
CE 2255 Highway Engineering
PRACTICAL
CE 2257 Strength of Materials Lab
CE 2258 Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory
CE 2259 Survey Practical – II
MA2264 NUMERICAL METHODS
UNIT I SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS
Solution of equation –Fixed point iteration: x=g(x) method - Newton’s method – Solution of
linear system by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordon method– Iterative method - Gauss-
Seidel method - Inverse of a matrix by Gauss Jordon method – Eigen value of a matrix by
power method and by Jacobi method for symmetric matrix.
UNIT II INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION
Lagrangian Polynomials – Divided differences – Interpolating with a cubic spline – Newton’s
forward and backward difference formulas.
UNIT III NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION
Differentiation using interpolation formulae –Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s
1/3 and 3/8 rules – Romberg’s method – Two and Three point Gaussian quadrature formulae –
Double integrals using trapezoidal and Simpsons’s rules.
UNIT IV INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Single step methods: Taylor series method – Euler method for first order equation – Fourth
order Runge – Kutta method for solving first and second order equations – Multistep methods:
Milne’s and Adam’s predictor and corrector methods.
UNIT V BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS IN ORDINARY AND PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Finite difference solution of second order ordinary differential equation – Finite difference
solution of one dimensional heat equation by explicit and implicit methods – One dimensional
wave equation and two dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Veerarjan, T and Ramachandran, T., “Numerical methods with programming in C”,
Second Editiion, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing.Co.Ltd, 2007.
2. Sankara Rao K, “Numerical Methods for Scientisits and Engineers”, 3rd Edition, Printice
Hall of India Private Ltd, New Delhi, 2007.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Chapra, S. C and Canale, R. P., “Numerical Methods for Engineers”, 5th Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2007.
2. Gerald, C. F. and Wheatley, P.O., “Applied Numerical Analysis”, 6th Edition, Pearson
Education, Asia, New Delhi, 2006.
3. Grewal, B.S. and Grewal,J.S., “ Numerical methods in Engineering and Science”, 6th
Edition, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2004.
CE2251 SOIL MECHANICS
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Nature of Soil - Problems with soil - phase relation - sieve analysis - sedimentation analysis –
Atterberg limits - classification for engineering purposes - BIS Classification system - Soil
compaction - factors affecting compaction – field compaction methods and monitoring.
UNIT II SOIL WATER AND WATER FLOW
Soil water – Various forms – Influence of clay minerals – Capillary rise – Suction - Effective
stress concepts in soil – Total, neutral and effective stress distribution in soil - Permeability –
Darcy’s Law- Permeability measurement in the laboratory – quick sand condition - Seepage –
Laplace Equation - Introduction to flow nets –properties and uses - Application to simple
problems.
UNIT III STRESS DISTRIBUTION, COMPRESSIBILITY AND SETTLEMENT
Stress distribution in soil media – Boussinesque formula – stress due to line load and Circular
and rectangular loaded area - approximate methods - Use of influence charts – Westergaard
equation for point load - Components of settlement - Immediate and consolidation settlement -
Terzaghi's one dimensional consolidation theory – governing differential equation - laboratory
consolidation test – Field consolidation curve – NC and OC clays - problems on final and time
rate of consolidation
UNIT IV SHEAR STRENGTH
Shear strength of cohesive and cohesionless soils - Mohr - Coulomb failure theory – Saturated
soil - Strength parameters - Measurement of shear strength, direct shear, Triaxial compression,
UCC and Vane shear tests –Types of shear tests based on drainage and their applicability -
Drained and undrained behaviour of clay and sand – Stress path for conventional triaxial test.
UNIT V SLOPE STABILITY
Slope failure mechanisms - Modes - Infinite slopes - Finite slopes – Total and effective stress
analysis - Stability analysis for purely cohesive and C- soils - Method of slices – Modified
Bishop’s method - Friction circle method - stability number – problems – Slope protection
measures.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Punmia P.C., “Soil Mechanics and Foundations”, Laximi Publications Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi, 1995.
2. Gopal Ranjan and Rao A.S.R., “Basic and applied soil mechanics”, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi, 2000.
3. Venkatramaiah, C. “Geotechnical Engineering”, New Age International Publishers, New
Delhi, 1995
4. Khan I.H., “A text book of Geotechnical Engineering”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
1999.
REFERENCES
1. Coduto, D.P., “Geotechnical Engineering Principles and Practices”, Prentice Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi, 2002.
2. McCarthy D.F., “Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations Basic Geotechniques”,
Sixth Edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2002.
3. Das, B.M, “Principles of Geotechnical Engineering”, (fifth edition), Thomas Books/ cole,
2002
4. Muni Budhu, “Soil Mechanics and Foundations”, John Willey & Sons, Inc, New York,
2000.
CE2252 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
UNIT I ENERGY PRINCIPLES
Strain energy and strain energy density – strain energy in traction, shear in flexure and torsion –
castigliano’s theorems – principle of virtual work – application of energy theorems for computing
deflections in beams and trusses – Maxwell’s reciprocal theorems
UNIT II INDETERMINATE BEAMS
Propped cantilever and fixed beams-fixed end moments and reactions for concentrated load
(central, non central), uniformly distributed load, triangular load (maximum at centre and
maximum at end) – theorem of three moments – analysis of continuous beams – shear force
and bending moment diagrams for continuous beams – slope & deflections in continuous
beams (qualitative study only)
UNIT III COLUMNS
Eccentrically loaded short columns – middle third rule – core section – columns of
unsymmetrical sections – (angle channel sections) – Euler’s theory of long columns – critical
loads for prismatic columns with different end conditions; Rankine-Gordon formula for
eccentrically loaded columns – thick cylinders – compound cylinders.
UNIT IV STATE OF STRESS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
Spherical and deviatory components of stress tensor - determination of principal stresses and
principal planes – volumetric strain – dilatation and distortion – theories of failure – principal
stress dilatation – principal strain – shear stress – strain energy and distortion energy theories –
application in analysis of stress, load carrying capacity and design of members – residual
stresses
UNIT V ADVANCED TOPICS IN BENDING OF BEAMS
Unsymmetrical bending of beams of symmetrical and unsymmetrical sections – curved beams –
Winkler Bach formula – stress concentration – fatigue and fracture.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Egor P Popov, “Engineering Mechanics of Solids”, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi,
2003
2. Rajput R.K. Strength of Materials, S.Chand&company Ltd., New Delhi - 2006
REFERENCES
1. Kazimi S.M.A, “Solid Mechanics”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2003
2. William A .Nash, “Theory and Problems of Strength of Materials”, Schaum’s Outline
Series, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company Ltd, 2007.
3. Srinath, L.S. Advanced mechanics and solids, Tata-McGraw Hill publishing
company ltd, 2005.
4. Punmia B.C.Theory of Structures (SMTS) Vol 1&II, Laxmi publishing Pvt Ltd,New Delhi
,2004.
CE2253 APPLIED HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
UNIT I OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 9+3
Open channel flow – Types and regimes of flow – Velocity distribution in open channel – Wide
open channel – Specific energy – Critical flow and its computation – channel transition.
UNIT II UNIFORM FLOW
Uniform flow – Velocity measurement – Manning’s and Chezy’s formula – Determination of
roughness coefficients – Determination of normal depth and velocity – Most economical
sections – Non-erodible channels
UNIT II I VARIED FLOW
Dynamic equations of gradually varied flow – Assumptions – Characteristics of flow profiles –
Draw down and back water curves – Profile determination – Graphical integration, direct step
and standard step method – Flow through transitions - Hydraulic jump – Types – Energy
dissipation – Surges.
UNIT IV PUMPS
Centrifugal pump - minimum speed to start the pump – multistage Pumps – Jet and submersible
pumps - Positive displacement pumps - reciprocating pump - negative slip - flow separation
conditions - air vessels -indicator diagram and its variation - savings in work done - rotary
pumps.
UNIT V TURBINES
Turbines - draft tube and cavitations – Application of momentum principle – Impact of jets on
plane and curved plates - turbines - classification - radial flow turbines - axial flow turbines –
Impulse and Reaction
TEXT BOOKS
1. Subramanya K., "Flow in Open channels", Tata McGraw-Hill PublishingCompany,
1994.
2. Modi, P.N, and Seth S.M. Hydraulic and Fluid Mechanics Standard Book House, 2000.
3. Bansal R.K, Fluid mechanics & Hydraulic machines, Laxmi Publishing Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi - 2007
REFERENCES
1. Jain A.K., "Fluid Mechanics (including Hydraulic Machines)", Khanna Publishers,
8th edition, 1995.
2. Ranga Raju, K.G., “Flow through Open Channels”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1985
CE2254 SURVEYING II
UNIT I TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING
Tacheometric systems - Tangential, stadia and subtense methods - Stadia systems - Horizontal
and inclined sights - Vertical and normal staffing - Fixed and movable hairs - Stadia constants -
Anallactic lens - Subtense bar.
UNIT II CONTROL SURVEYING
Working from whole to part - Horizontal and vertical control methods - Triangulation - Signals -
Base line - Instruments and accessores - Corrections - Satellite station - Reduction to centre -
Trignometric levelling - Single and reciprocal observations - Modern trends – Bench marking
UNIT III SURVEY ADJUSTMENTS
Errors - Sources, precautions and corrections - Classification of errors - True and most probable
values - weighted observations - Method of equal shifts - Principle of least squares - Normal
equation - Correlates - Level nets - Adjustment of simple triangulation networks
UNIT IV ASTRONOMICAL SURVEYING
Celestial sphere - Astronomical terms and definitions - Motion of sun and stars - Apparent
altitude and corrections - Celestial co-ordinate systems - Different time systems - use of
Nautical almanac - Star constellations - calculations for azimuth of a line.
UNIT V HYDROGRAPHIC AND ADVANCE SURVEYING
Hydrographic Surveying - Tides - MSL - Sounding methods - Location of soundings and
methods - Three point problem - Strength of fix - Sextants and station pointer - River surveys -
Measurement of current and discharge - Photogrammetry - Introduction – Basic concepts of
Terrestial and aerial Photographs - Stereoscopy – Definition of Parallax. Electromagnetic
distance measurement – Basic principles - Instruments – Trilateration. Basic concepts of
Cartography and Cadastral surveying.
TEXT BOOKS
1. Bannister A. and Raymond S., Surveying, ELBS, Sixth Edition, 1992.
2. Punmia B.C., Surveying, Vols. I, II and III, Laxmi Publications, 1989.
3. Kanetkar T.P., Surveying and Levelling, Vols. I and II, United Book Corporation, Pune,
1994.
REFERENCES
1. Clark D., Plane and Geodetic Surveying, Vols. I and II, C.B.S. Publishers and
Distributors, Delhi, Sixth Edition, 1971.
2. James M.Anderson and Edward M.Mikhail, Introduction to Surveying, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1985.
3. Wolf P.R., Elements of Photogrammetry, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Second Edition,
1986.
4. Robinson A.H., Sale R.D. Morrison J.L. and Muehrche P.C., Elements of Cartography,
John Wiley and Sons, New York, Fifth Edition, 1984.
5. Heribert Kahmen and Wolfgang Faig, Surveying, Walter de Gruyter, 1995.
CE2255 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
UNIT I HIGHWAY PLANNING AND ALIGNMENT
History of Road Construction, Highway Development in India - Jayakar Committee
Recommendations and Realisations, Twenty-year Road Development Plans, Concepts of Ongoing
Highway Development Programmes at National Level, Institutions for Highway
Development at National level - Indian Roads Congress, Highway Research Board, National
Highway Authority of India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) and Central
Road Research Institute. Requirements of Ideal Alignment, Factors Controlling Highway
Alignment Engineering Surveys for Alignment - Conventional Methods and Modern Methods
(Remote Sensing, GIS and GPS techniques) Classification and Cross Section of Urban and
Rural Roads (IRC), Highway Cross Sectional Elements – Right of Way, Carriage Way, Camber,
Kerbs, Shoulders and Footpaths [IRC Standards], Cross sections of different Class of Roads -
Principles of Highway Financing
UNIT II GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF HIGHWAYS
Design of Horizontal Alignment – Horizontal Curves Super elevation, Widening of Pavements on
Horizontal Curves and Transition Curves Design of Vertical Alignments – Rolling, Limiting,
Exceptional and Minimum Gradients, Summit and Valley Curves-Sight Distances - Factors
affecting Sight Distances, PIEV theory, Stopping Sight Distance (SSD), Overtaking Sight
Distance (OSD), Sight Distance at Intersections, Intermediate Sight Distance and Illumination
Sight Distance [Derivations and Problems in SSD and OSD] -Geometric Design of Hill Roads
[IRC Standards Only]
UNIT III FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENTS
Rigid and Flexible Pavements- Components and their Functions -Design Principles of Flexible
and Rigid Pavements, Factors affecting the Design of Pavements - ESWL, Climate, Sub-grade
Soil and Traffic - Design Practice for Flexible Pavements [IRC Method and Recommendations-
Problems] - Design Practice for Rigid Pavements – IRC Recommendations - concepts only.
UNIT IV HIGHWAY MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
Desirable Properties and Testing of Highway Materials: Soil – California Bearing Ratio Test,
Field Density Test - Aggregate - Crushing, Abrasion, Impact Tests, Water absorption, Flakiness
and Elongation indices and Stone polishing value test - Bitumen - Penetration, Ductility,
Viscosity, Binder content and Softening point Tests. - Construction Practice - Water Bound
Macadam Road, Bituminous Road and Cement Concrete Road [as per IRC and MORTH
specifications] - Highway Drainage [IRC Recommendations]
UNIT V HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE
Types of defects in Flexible pavements – Surface defects, Cracks, Deformation, Disintegration –
Symptoms, Causes and Treatments. - Types of Pavement, Failures in Rigid Pavements –
Scaling, Shrinkage, Warping, Structural Cracks Spalling of Joints and Mud Pumping – and
Special Repairs. - Pavement Evaluation – Pavement Surface Conditions and Structural
Evaluation, Evaluation of pavement Failure and strengthening - Overlay design by Benkelman
Beam Method [Procedure only],
TEXT BOOKS
1. Khanna K and Justo C E G, Highway Engineering, Khanna Publishers, Roorkee, 2001.
2. Kadiyali L R, Principles and Practice of Highway Engineering, Khanna Technical
Publications, Delhi, 2000.
REFERENCES
1. Transportation Engineering & Planning, C.S. Papacostas, P.D. Prevedouros, Prentice
Hall of India Pvt ltd, 2006.
2. IRC Standards (IRC 37 - 2001 & IRC 58 -1998)
3. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) Publications on Highway Materials
4. Specifications for Road and Bridges, MORTH (India)
CE2257 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Test involving axial compression to obtain the stress – strain curve
2. Test involving axial tension to obtain the stress – strain curve and the strength
3. Test involving torsion to obtain the torque vs. angle of twist and hence the
stiffness
4. Test involving flexure to obtain the load deflection curve and hence the stiffness
5. Tests on springs
6. Hardness tests
7. Shear test
8. Test for impact resistance
9. Tests on Cement
The student should learn the use of deflectometer, extensometer, compressometer and strain
gauges.
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
(For a batch of 30 students)
Sl. No. Description of Equipments Quantity
1. UTM of minimum 400 KN capacity 1
2. Torsion testing machine for steel rods 1
3. Izod impact testing machine 1
4.
Hardness testing machine
Rockwell
Vicker’s (any 2)
Brinnel
1 each
5. Beam deflection test apparatus 1
6. Extensometer 1
7. Compressometer 1
8. Dial gauges Few
9 Le Chatelier’s apparatus 2
10 Vicat’s apparatus 2
11 Mortar cube moulds 10
CE2258 HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING LAB
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for orifice
2. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for notches
3. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for venturimeter
4. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter
5. Study of impact of jet on flat plate (normal / inclined)
6. Study of friction losses in pipes
7. Study of minor losses in pipes
8. Study on performance characteristics of Pelton turbine.
9. Study on performance characteristics of Francis turbine
10. Study on performance characteristics of Kaplan turbine
11. Study on performance characteristics of Centrifugal pumps (Constant speed / variable
speed)
12. Study on performance characteristics of reciprocating pump.
LIST OF EQUIPMENTS
1. Bernoulli’s theorem – Verification Apparatus - 1 No.
2. Calculation of Metacentric height
water tank - 1 No.
Ship model with accessories - 1 No.
3. Measurement of velocity
Pitot tube assembly - 1 No.
4. Flow measurement
open channel flow
(i) Channel with provision for fixing notches
(rectangular, triangular & trapezoidal forms) - 1 Unit
(ii) Flume assembly with provisions for conducting
experiments on Hydraulic jumps, generation of
surges etc. - 1 Unit
5. Flow measurement in pipes
(i) Venturimeter, U tube manometer fixtures like
Valves, collecting tank - 1 Unit
(ii) Orifice meter, with all necessary fittings in
pipe lines of different diameters - 1 Unit
(iii) Calibration of flow through orifice tank with
Provisions for fixing orifices of different shapes,
collecting tank - 1 Unit
(iv) Calibration of flow through mouth piece
Tank with provisions for fixing mouth pieces
Viz external mouth pieces & internal mouth piece
Borda’s mouth piece - 1 Unit
40
6. Losses in Pipes
Major loss – Friction loss
Pipe lengths (min. 3m) of different diameters with
Valves and pressure rapping & collecting tank - 1 Unit
Minor Losses
Pipe line assembly with provisions for having
Sudden contractions in diameter, expansions
Bends, elbow fitting, etc. - 1 Unit
7. Pumps
(i) Centrifugal pump assembly with accessories
(single stage) - 1 Unit
(ii) Centrifugal pump assembly with accessories
(multi stage) - 1 Unit
(iii) Reciprocating pump assembly with accessories - 1 Unit
(iv) Deep well pump assembly set with accessories - 1 Unit
8. Turbine
(i) Impulse turbine assembly with fittings
& accessories - 1 Unit
(ii) Francis turbine assembly with fittings
& accessories - 1 Unit
(iii) Kaplan turbine assembly with fittings
& accessories - 1 Unit
CE2259 SURVEY PRACTICAL II
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the student will posses knowledge about Survey field techniques.
1. Study of theodolite
2. Measurement of horizontal angles by reiteration and repetition and vertical angles
3. Theodolite survey traverse
4. Heights and distances - Triangulation - Single plane method.
5. Tacheometry - Tangential system - Stadia system - Subtense system.
6. Setting out works - Foundation marking - Simple curve (right/left-handed) - Transition
curve.
7. Field observation for and Calculation of azimuth
8. Field work using Total Station.
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