EE2402 PROTECTION AND SWITCHGEAR
AIM: To introduce the students to the various abnormal operating conditions in power
system and describe the apparatus and system protection schemes. Also to describe the
phenomena of current interruption to study the various switchgears.
OBJECTIVES:
To discuss the causes of abnormal operating conditions (faults, lightning and
switching surges) of the apparatus and system.
To understand the characteristics and functions of relays and protection schemes.
To understand the problems associated with circuit interruption by a circuit breaker.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Importance of protective schemes for electrical apparatus and power system. Qualitative
review of faults and fault currents - relay terminology – definitions - and essential
qualities of protection.
Protection against over voltages due to lightning and switching - arcing grounds -
Peterson Coil - ground wires - surge absorber and diverters
Power System earthing – neutral Earthing - basic ideas of insulation coordination.
UNIT II OPERATING PRINCIPLES AND RELAY CHARACTERISTICS 9
Electromagnetic relays – over current, directional and non-directional, distance, negative
sequence, differential and under frequency relays – Introduction to static relays.
UNIT III APPARATUS PROTECTION 9
Main considerations in apparatus protection - transformer, generator and motor
protection - protection of busbars. Transmission line protection - zones of protection.
CTs and PTs and their applications in protection schemes.
UNIT IV THEORY OF CIRCUIT INTERRUPTION 9
Physics of arc phenomena and arc interruption. DC and AC circuit breaking - restriking
voltage and recovery voltage - rate of rise of recovery voltage - resistance switching -
current chopping - interruption of capacitive current.
UNIT V CIRCUIT BREAKERS 9
Types of circuit breakers – air blast, air break, oil, SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers –
comparative merits of different circuit breakers – testing of circuit breakers.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. M.L. Soni, P.V. Gupta, V.S. Bhatnagar, A. Chakrabarti, ‘A Text Book on Power
System Engineering’, Dhanpat Rai & Co., 1998. (For All Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
2. R.K.Rajput, A Tex book of Power System Engineering. Laxmi Publications, First
Edition Reprint 2007.
REFERENCES
1. Sunil S. Rao, ‘Switchgear and Protection’, Khanna publishers, New Delhi, 1986.
2. C.L. Wadhwa, ‘Electrical Power Systems’, Newage International (P) Ltd., 2000.
3. B. Ravindranath, and N. Chander, ‘Power System Protection & Switchgear’, Wiley
Eastern Ltd., 1977.
4. Badri Ram, Vishwakarma, ‘Power System Protection and Switchgear’, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2001.
5. Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide, ‘Fundamentals of Power System Protection’,
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi–110001, 2003.
AIM: To introduce the students to the various abnormal operating conditions in power
system and describe the apparatus and system protection schemes. Also to describe the
phenomena of current interruption to study the various switchgears.
OBJECTIVES:
To discuss the causes of abnormal operating conditions (faults, lightning and
switching surges) of the apparatus and system.
To understand the characteristics and functions of relays and protection schemes.
To understand the problems associated with circuit interruption by a circuit breaker.
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Importance of protective schemes for electrical apparatus and power system. Qualitative
review of faults and fault currents - relay terminology – definitions - and essential
qualities of protection.
Protection against over voltages due to lightning and switching - arcing grounds -
Peterson Coil - ground wires - surge absorber and diverters
Power System earthing – neutral Earthing - basic ideas of insulation coordination.
UNIT II OPERATING PRINCIPLES AND RELAY CHARACTERISTICS 9
Electromagnetic relays – over current, directional and non-directional, distance, negative
sequence, differential and under frequency relays – Introduction to static relays.
UNIT III APPARATUS PROTECTION 9
Main considerations in apparatus protection - transformer, generator and motor
protection - protection of busbars. Transmission line protection - zones of protection.
CTs and PTs and their applications in protection schemes.
UNIT IV THEORY OF CIRCUIT INTERRUPTION 9
Physics of arc phenomena and arc interruption. DC and AC circuit breaking - restriking
voltage and recovery voltage - rate of rise of recovery voltage - resistance switching -
current chopping - interruption of capacitive current.
UNIT V CIRCUIT BREAKERS 9
Types of circuit breakers – air blast, air break, oil, SF6 and vacuum circuit breakers –
comparative merits of different circuit breakers – testing of circuit breakers.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. M.L. Soni, P.V. Gupta, V.S. Bhatnagar, A. Chakrabarti, ‘A Text Book on Power
System Engineering’, Dhanpat Rai & Co., 1998. (For All Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5).
2. R.K.Rajput, A Tex book of Power System Engineering. Laxmi Publications, First
Edition Reprint 2007.
REFERENCES
1. Sunil S. Rao, ‘Switchgear and Protection’, Khanna publishers, New Delhi, 1986.
2. C.L. Wadhwa, ‘Electrical Power Systems’, Newage International (P) Ltd., 2000.
3. B. Ravindranath, and N. Chander, ‘Power System Protection & Switchgear’, Wiley
Eastern Ltd., 1977.
4. Badri Ram, Vishwakarma, ‘Power System Protection and Switchgear’, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2001.
5. Y.G. Paithankar and S.R. Bhide, ‘Fundamentals of Power System Protection’,
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi–110001, 2003.
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